Mass Media Today a Summary - 1563 Words

THE MASS MEDIA TODAY: DISCOURSES OF DOMINATION OR DIVERSITY? : SUMMARY The thesis written by Teun A. Van Dijk talks about how the western media takes a one sided view- portraying minorities, immigrants etc in a negative light while still trying to prove itself independent of any bias. He explains that although neo-liberal discourse may now be prevailing, but it also exhibits conflicts and contradictions. The optimistic rhetoric of a New World Order after the Cold War is replaced by deep-seated doubts about how to manage current world problems. While the deeper causes of various political events in the south and the East also affect the North, we are also facing an Increasing ethnocentrism and racism in Europe and North America as people†¦show more content†¦This is the essence of persuasive social power, and typical of the power of the media and of other types of public discourse. Another important factor under media power is access. Which groups have more or less access to the media, and what are the consequences of such access for media dis course? Ordinary people have active access only to everyday conversations with other people and passive access to the media. The elites, on the other hand, are literally the groups that have most to say in various social situations and institutions. They are the ones that have preferential and active access to public discourse, in general, and to that of the media, in particular It follows that the role and power of the media should be defined both, in terms of the mind control of the public (including the elites), and in terms of the management of the very conditions of this influence.: who controls media discourse, how is access managed, and what are the relations between media elites and other power group. Ideological Control: ideologies are like â€Å"the schemata that groups have about themselves and about their position in the social structure† explains the writer- Ideologies control the opinions about social events represented in personal models of social actors; these models, finally, govern the specific social practices of social actors- So, where do different models come from? Models are mental representations of experiences; they are inferred from social perception andShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Major Themes Of Chomsky s Manufacturing Consent948 Words   |  4 PagesAmericans tend to put stock in varied forms of mass media. From Disney to Gannett we grow up with selective views of the world and shaped opinions based on TV ratings. There are many theories on hegemony in American society. Dr. Noam Chomsky, a preeminent authority in 20th century political philosophy, discusses how news media is a tool for disseminating propaganda provided by the powerful elite in his boo k Manufacturing Consent. He discusses how American mass media is a tool of democracy to placate the majorityRead MoreFahrenheit 451 Analysis798 Words   |  4 Pagescommentaries on the social conformities throughout the novel. Like political conformities, social and ideological conformities are also common motifs in dystopian novels. Social limitations can be identified in multiple instances, including the mass media that constantly brainwashes the viewers to aspire and conform to the governments image. In simpler terms, the social conformity in the novel is that everyone must be equal and have the same values, goals and opinions. If you have different idealsRead MoreFarenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury1171 Words   |  5 Pageswithout themselves without technology. Because technology today is messing up young people mind because they wasn’t taught to do stuff by themselves they wasn’t talk to think critically and do stuff by them on selves and nobody don’t start doi ng it we not go learn. What I agree in Sam Weller is that he sad that â€Å"Fahrenheit 451 was a books about the growing mass media and technology in our world†. Why I agree with that is because mass media in our world help out some people get though the day becauseRead MoreSummary of Art Form For The Digital Age by Henry Jenkins991 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Jane Student Dr. E. Harris English 1301 8 September 2012 Summary of Art Form For The Digital Age by Henry Jenkins In the article â€Å"Art Form For The Digital Age,† by Henry Jenkins, Jenkins elaborates on the ever expanding video game industry and cites that it is now being considered a digital art. The gaming industry is also said to be the form of art in today’s economy that has grown the most. The gaming industry has progressed the most in the past century, starting with silent ping-pongRead MoreImportance Of E Commerce Infrastructure On Present Era And The Coming Generations1108 Words   |  5 PagesNetworks are the basic varieties required for E-commerce Infrastructure. The main approach of the study is about the Internet Technology, Internet-Today, and the future of Internet. The Internet Technology refers to network of networks, were IP address is the global unique address to find out the network of the Computer. In addition, The Internet Today is the very common basic need of every individual for day after day life. Furthermore, the future of Internet will increase dramatically from manualRead MoreTodays Unrealistic Body Expectations1311 Words   |  5 Pagesshowing a sense of insecurity about their own bodies, frequently making trips to the scale to keep track of their weight making sure to stay slim and fit. Society has a profound effect on many people, making the m feel insecure about their own bodies. The mass medias use of such unrealistic images sends an implicit message to men and women that to be considered good looking they must partake in unhealthy diets, extreme exercises and unhealthy body modification enhancers, which in turn can have detrimentalRead MoreEssay studying media1100 Words   |  5 Pagesexperience, comes to us through the media. Media studies gives us the tools to respond thoughtfully and critically to media content, and recognise media productions as deliberate constructions rather than windows on reality. The ‘mediated’ society in which we live, is heavily shaped by the transfer of information. Many of our values, our ideas, and our knowledge of the world come from beyond our individual daily or immediate experience, usually via the media. They play a vital role in democracyRead MoreHow Marketers And Media Companies View You872 Words   |  4 Pages How Marketers and Media Companies View You Shaunna L. Roth University of Missouri St. Louis September 10, 2016 â€Æ' ABSTRACT Convergence in media is extremely important. (1) Media convergence is the flow of content across multiple media platforms. (2) There are three elements for convergence to occur in mass media; corporations, content and computers. Media companies and marketers target and segment their audience. Psychographics plays a role in audience segmentation. In order for the consumerRead MoreComparing Static And Dynamically Generated Content Systems1419 Words   |  6 Pagesau Executive Summary This paper displays a benchmarking investigation of dynamic substance generation techniques strategies. To the best of our insight, this is the primary study to assess such an expansive scope of dynamic substance advancements utilizing an assortment of Web server programming. While our study is a long way from exhaustive, we trust that it gives a best in class take a gander at the execution tradeoffs between various advancements for dynamic Web content era. Today, numerous WebRead MoreEssay on The Strength and Weakness of The Press1285 Words   |  6 PagesNewspaper, being one of the earliest mass media communication platforms, might be decreasing in popularity among the public. But even so, it keeps surviving by refining and improving itself in order to keep up with all the other medias. The current newspaper that we hold and read today has come a long way in developing itself. There is time when newspapers don’t make news like the way they do today, and there is also time w hen newspapers that are overly stuffed with too many advertisements don’t

Com 200 Foundations of Interpersonal Communication Essay

Self-Assessment Communication Style COM 200 Foundations of Interpersonal Communication University Of Phoenix December 17, 2012 Abstract The purpose of this paper is to discuss my results from the â€Å"What’s My Face-to Face Communication Style?† self assessment. The research conducted with the use of the Peer Perception Survey shall allow the author to interpret the scores given by friends and acquaintances. This will enable a thorough examination of how other individuals observe the author, and also how the author perceives herself. Based upon these observations the author will determine an appropriate strategy for improving self esteem and interpersonal communication. The author will address how others form perceptions of their†¦show more content†¦Self confident | 1. Self confident | 1. Self confident | 2. Positive | 2. Positive | 2. Positive | 3. Likes most people | 3. Likes most people | 3. Likes most people | 4. Friendly | 4. Friendly | 4. Friendly | 5. Open | 5. Closed | 5. Closed | 6. Helpful | 6. Helpful | 6. Helpful | 7. Happy | 7. Unhappy | 7. Unhappy | 8. Reliable | 8. Reliable | 8. Reliable | 9. Professional | 9. Professional | 9. Professional | 10. Honest | 10. Honest | 10. Honest | 11. Organized | 11. Disorganized | 11. Organized | 12. Proactive | 12. Proactive | 12. Proactive | 13. Boring | 13. Boring | 13. Boring | 14. Intelligent | 14. Intelligent | 14. Intelligent | 15. Energetic | 15. Energetic | 15. Energetic | 16. Solution Seeking | 16. Solution Seeking | 16. Solution Seeking | 17. Popular | 17. Popular | 17. Popular | 18. Open to Change | 18. Open to Change | 18. Open to Change | 19. Trusted | 19. Trusted | 19. Trusted | 20. Independent | 20. Independent | 20. Independent | 21. Genuine | 21. Genuine | 21. Genuine | 22. Has a Lack of common Sense | 22. Has a Lack of common Sense | 22. Common Sense | 23. Believable | 23. Believable | 23. Believable | 24. Successful | 24. Successful | 24. Successful | 25. Progressive | 25. Progressive | 25. Progressive | 26. Interested | 26. Interested | 26. Interested | 27. Accepting | 27. Accepting | 27. Accepting | 28. Promise | 28. Promise | 28. Promise | 29. Diligent | 29.Show MoreRelatedMasking Poor Communication Essay682 Words   |  3 PagesLanita N. Clark Masking Poor Communication COM 200 Mrs. Mary A. Witt August 22, 2011 The article â€Å"Masking Poor Communication† discussed how miscommunication is misunderstood and perceived as something. What someone is saying can easily be taken for something else. Everyone has their own perception. This can have a negative impact on the people who are close to you. In the article it stated that â€Å"people commonly believe that they communicate better with close friends than strangersRead MoreEssay on Business Communication Quarterly 2013 F5948 Words   |  24 Pagesï » ¿Business Communication Quarterly http://bcq.sagepub.com/ Intercultural Communication Apprehension and Emotional Intelligence in Higher Education: Preparing Business Students for Career Success Lisa T. Fall, Stephanie Kelly, Patrick MacDonald, Charles Primm and Whitney Holmes Business Communication Quarterly 2013 76: 412 originally published online 18 September 2013 DOI: 10.1177/1080569913501861 The online version of this article can be found at: http://bcq.sagepub.com/content/76/4/412Read MoreVenture Capital and Tech Coast Angels9915 Words   |  40 Pagesassuming a $4.5 million postfinancin valuation. Shortly there ed ny on, n ng eafter, the CEO unexpect tedly received a competin term sheet from Foundation Capital a venture c d ng l, capital (VC) firm where his good frie end and form business school class mer s smate Charle Moldow w a es was partner. The VC’s term sheet offered the com mpany $4.0 m million in fun nding, assumi a $7.65 m ing million postfi inancing valu uation. Moldo structured the proposed deal so that DermaCareRead MoreDermaCare10958 Words   |  44 Pagescompan ny $1.5 millio on, assuming a $4.5 million n postfinancin ng valuation. Shortly thereeafter, the CEO unexpecttedly received d a competin ng term sheet from Foundation Capitall, a venture capital c (VC) firm where his good frieend and form mer businesss school classsmate Charlees Moldow was w a partner. The VC’s term sheet offered the com mpany $4.0 million m in fun nding, assumiing a $7.65 million m postfiinancing valu uation. Moldo ow structured d the proposed d deal so thatt DermaCare would wRead MoreOperations Management23559 Words   |  95 PagesTransformation Process Physical: as in manufacturing operations Locational: as in transportation or warehouse operations Exchange: as in retail operations Physiological: as in health care Psychological: as in entertainment Informational: as in communication 1 -8 Operations as a Transformation Process INPUT †¢Material †¢Machines †¢Labor †¢Management †¢Capital TRANSFORMATION PROCESS OUTPUT †¢Goods †¢Services Feedback Requirements 1 -9 Operations Function Operations Marketing Finance andRead MoreOrganization Restructuring26680 Words   |  107 Pageslittle chance of quality thinking. 3. Break down all barriers between departments: In most centralized organizations there are definite lines of communications that must be followed and a division of labor according to departments. In order to implement a TQM program requires that the organization move toward a de-centralized system in which communication between departments is frequent and ongoing. In many organizations, this meant the creation of work teams and quality circles in which each employee’sRead MoreAn Assessment of the Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Nigerian Society: the Examples of Banking and Communication Industries18990 Words   |  76 Pagesonline http://www.universalresearchjournals.org/ujmbr Copyright  © 2012 Transnational Research Journals Full Length Research Paper An assessment of the impact of corporate social responsibility on Nigerian society: The examples of banking and communication industries Adeyanju, Olanrewaju David Department of Financial Studies Redeemer’s University, km 46, Lagos Ibadan Expressway Mowe, Ogun State E-mail: davfol@yahoo.com, Tel No.: 07037794073 Accepted 30 January, 2012 In the Nigerian societyRead MoreComputer and Internet in Education13526 Words   |  55 PagesUniversity of California, Los Angeles. Elisheva F. 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Abstract The increasing amount of time children are spending on computers at home and school has raised questions about how the use of computer technology may make a difference in their lives—fromRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesCASE Tools 51 52 54 Communications Interface Software Utility Programs 54 54 The Changing Nature of Software 55 The Information Technology Industry 55 Review Questions 56 †¢ Discussion Questions 57 †¢ Bibliography 58 Chapter 3 Telecommunications and Networking The Need for Networking 61 Sharing of Technology Resources Sharing of Data 60 61 61 Distributed Data Processing and Client/Server Systems Enhanced Communications 62 62 Marketing OutreachRead MoreDemystifying Six Sigma - a Company-Wide Approach to Continuous Improvement22857 Words   |  92 Pagesthinks and operates in terms of complete customer satisfaction. How to build a workforce that is engaged and committed to the success of the company. 1 2 SECTION ONE 1 August 1965 0115 GMT North Atlantic off the coast of Norway. Depth 200 feet. Speed six knots. Heading 010. At the height of the Cold War, the American submarine Sam Houston is on patrol carrying sixteen nuclear missiles with multiple warheads. Its role is as a determent to Russia initiating a first-strike attack. The

Microeconomics Supply and Demand Free Essays

Prices of Onion (Deshi and Indian) go up due to shortage of supply 1. Introduction: Microeconomic theory is perhaps the most important course in all economics and business programs. I am just trying to discuss about the role of theory or models in microeconomics, discuss the basic methodology of economics, and distinguish between positive and normative analysis. We will write a custom essay sample on Microeconomics: Supply and Demand or any similar topic only for you Order Now Our main target in this assignment is to write an essay about microeconomics related topic which is published by the newspapers recently. After studying the newspaper I have got a microeconomic related topic which prices go up, as a result, demand will decrease. According to my previous study knowledge, I had some ideas about production cost, import cost, transportation cost and other ssimilar cost by which we can determine the cost and profit. After taking the microeconomic course, it seems to me that the scenario is different. Here we need not only production and other ssimilar cost and profit but also supply and demand, changing situation, income and substitution effect, equilibrium price, elasticity, cost behavior, market position etc.. Here my selected product is Onions (Deshi and Indian). This is because; onions are one of the most important commodities of our daily meal. Recently the prices of onions go up in the retail market not only Deshi onion but also Indian onion. Retailer said that, the prices of local onion increased by Tk. 10 a kg and was selling at Tk. 70 a kg while the just harvested onion was retailing at Tk. 45 a kg and Indian onion at Tk. 40 a kg over the last week due to supply shortage. So that, I have decided to write an essay about onion (Deshi and Indian) where Indian onion is the substitute of Deshi onions including the demand and supply of onions, equilibrium price, effect on price, substitution and income effect, production function, elasticity, cost function and market structure of onion. 2. Data Collection: After studying the newspapers, I have found a microeconomic related topic that is, â€Å"Onion, flour, vegetables, fish prices go up† which is published by Financial Express on 15th December, 2012 and ‘Prices of onions, green chili skyrocket’ which is published by New Age on 22 December, 2012. So I have taken two commodity Deshi onion and Indian onion. For getting more information I visited 2 markets which is nearest of my area due to know about the supply and current and previous price and demand for two types of onions. a) Nayabazar Market b) Babubazar Market 3. Demand: 3. 1. Law of demand: We know that, consumer purchase more products when the price is lower and they buy fewer products at higher price where other things remain the same. We also know that, there is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demended according to the law of demand. How to cite Microeconomics: Supply and Demand, Papers

Oxygen Sensing and Homeostasis Physiology

Question: Discuss about the Oxygen Sensing and Homeostasis Physiology. Answer: Introduction: Homeostasis is an important phenomenon that helps to regulate and maintain the internal environment of the body against the fluctuations of the external environment and weather conditions (Hall 2015). The respiratory system and the cardiovascular system help to maintain homeostasis. The heart, blood and blood vessels maintain homeostasis by transporting essential gases, maintaining body temperature and blood pH. It also helps to fight against infections by producing antibodies. The respiratory system also helps in maintaining homeostasis by exchange of gases between the atmospheric air, blood and in tissues (Sherwood 2015). It also helps to adjust the blood pH levels. Moreover, the cardiovascular and respiratory system work in coordination in maintaining homeostasis and this interaction is vital for existence. The respiratory and cardiovascular system helps in maintaining bodys internal temperature by supplying oxygen and eliminating carbon dioxide. The respiratory system helps in gaseous exchange by in taking oxygen and eliminating carbon dioxide. In addition, the cardiovascular system transports these gases via blood to the lungs and the body cells. If somehow, this interaction fails, it would disrupt the homeostasis of the body. This interaction is important as the failure would lead to rapid death of cells due to starvation. This starvation occurs due to deficiency of oxygen and there is rapid building of waste materials. The respiratory system also functions in regulating blood pH and helps the body to get rid of heat and water present in exhaled air (Rizzo 2015). This area of contact helps the body to constantly renew and replenish the encompassed internal fluid environment and by nourishing the body cells. The respiratory and circulatory system work in coordination to ensure that the body tissues and organs receive sufficient oxygen. The oxygen is vital for the cellular activities and this oxygen is inhaled and passes to lungs. The lungs then transfer it to blood and circulated by heart to the body. Similarly, the both systems work in coordination to remove carbon dioxide from the body which is an essential metabolic waste. The heart is the location where the respiratory and the circulatory system interact to exchange the gases and circulate to the whole body. Both systems interact together to transport oxygen to tissues and to eliminate carbon dioxide that is a vital process in maintaining homeostasis. The process of gaseous exchange is related to both the systems and in maintaining homeostasis (Prabhakar and Semenza 2015). The interaction between the systems is very important for homeostasis and one cannot perform its homeostatic role without the other. The heart cannot pump blood without the lungs and in turn cannot operate the cardiovascular system. Therefore, it is important for the lungs to be in a healthy condition to perform the homeostasis by interacting with cardiovascular system. Also, the heart could fail if there is insufficient oxygen reaching the heart failing to exchange gases and maintain bodys internal environment. When the heart receives deoxygenated blood in more amounts, the pulmonary arteries pumps it to lungs. Then, the lungs expand and receive fresh air that is received by the lungs and this oxygenated blood is transferred to the heart and it pumps to the whole body (Chiras 2013). Therefore, it can be concluded that the cardiovascular system and the respiratory system work in interaction to maintain homeostasis by exchange of gases and this interaction is vital for life. References Chiras, D.D., 2013.Human biology. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Hall, J.E., 2015.Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology. Elsevier Health Sciences. Prabhakar, N.R. and Semenza, G.L., 2015. Oxygen sensing and homeostasis.Physiology,30(5), pp.340-348. Rizzo, D.C., 2015.Fundamentals of anatomy and physiology. Cengage Learning. Sherwood, L., 2015.Human physiology: from cells to systems. Cengage learning.

Cultural Bias in Counseling Practices

Overview Relationship between culture and counseling has attracted attention from many researchers in the recent years. Realization of importance of cultural competence in counseling has led to the concept of multicultural counseling. Though emphasis on cultural competence has improved counseling practices, there is still fundamental cultural bias in various treatment practices used today.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Bias in Counseling Practices specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Among other factors, cultural biases result from the fact that most of the counseling practices were created in the context of the dominant Euro-American culture. While the counseling practices may work well with Euro-Americans, they may not be effective with various minority cultural and ethnic groups. Potential Sources of Counselor Bias Counseling is considered the best intervention to emotional and psychological challenges affecting individuals. Common counseling practices today include person centered counseling, cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, group therapy, family therapy and marriage counseling. Though the approached differs significantly, most of them borrow from early researchers on psychological therapy, such as Carl Rogers (Rogers, 1942). Considering that most early researchers on psychology therapy came from the dominant Euro-American culture, the resultant counseling practices may exhibit cultural bias toward other ethnic and cultural groups. There are various sources of cultural biases in counseling practices in use today. In one way or the other, the cultural biases are linked to the assumption that counseling would take place in a homogeneous culture. One of the major sources of biases is difference in the definition of normal behavior (Pedersen, 1988). What is considered ‘normal’ behavior differs in one cultural group to the other. Assuming that no rmal behavior is the same in all cultural groups can lead to faulty diagnosis and treatment intervention. For instance, what is consider normal behavior to a Mexican American may not be applicable to an Anglo-American of a Black American. Most of counseling practices emphasis on individualism. Euro-American culture upholds individualism and therefore counseling approaches such as person centered focus on the individual client rather that the social context of the client (Pedersen, 1988).Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Counselors tend to focus more on changes on the individual client without considering contribution of other individuals to the healing process. This assumption may lead to negative results in cultural groups such as Hispanic Americans and Asia Americans that value family and social harmony. Dependence on abstract words and overemphasis on independence of clients lead to cultural biases. According to Pedersen (1988), abstract words used in counseling practice may lose meaning in context of another culture. Abstraction such as ‘self awareness’, ‘self direction’ and ‘self actualization’ may have different meaning in different cultures. On the other hand, overemphasis on independence of a client is biased against cultural groups have close family links. Successful Treatment Practices Matching counselors and clients, and multicultural counseling are the major interventions to cultural biases in treatment practices. It is a fact that a client responds better when counseling process is consistent with her cultural values and beliefs. Cultural bias is unlikely to happen when a counselor and a client result from a common culture. However, scarcity of counselors from minority cultural groups makes it impossible to implement matching successfully. Therefore, multicultural counseling remains the only viable option to overcome cultural bias (Ridley, 2005). Counselors should understand and adjust to cultural value of their clients. They should try to adopt the best counseling approach for their clients. For instance, when offering counseling intervention to Mexican and Asian Americans, counselors can try to bring in family members to the process. In addition, group therapy rather individual based therapy can be the best approach for handling Hispanic clients. Motivation to Multicultural counseling A counseling process is considered successful if it helps a client to overcome his or her emotional and psychological problems. To achieve counseling objectives, a counselor must be able to understand the client in her cultural context (Worthington Soth-McNett, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Bias in Counseling Practices specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Considering that the goal of counseling process is to help t he client to heal, a counselor should adopt the most effective approach to his client. Since clients respond well to counseling approaches that are consistent with their culture, a counselor should adopt the best approach depending on the culture of their client. References Pedersen, P. (1988). A handbook for developing multicultural awareness. Alexandria, VA: American Association for Counseling and Development. Ridley, C. (2005). Overcoming unintentional racism in counseling and therapy: a practitioner’s guide to intentional intervention. New York: Sage Publications Rogers, C. (1942). Counseling and psychotherapy: newer concepts in practice. Cambridge, MA: Riverside Press. Worthington, R. Soth-McNett, A. (2007). Multicultural counseling competencies research: A 20-year content analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology 54(4), 351-361 This essay on Cultural Bias in Counseling Practices was written and submitted by user Carolina Glover to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Knight Death And The Devil

In Durer’s copperplate engraving, Knight, Death, and Devil, it appears that the Knight is emerging victorious, both morally and literally over his two adversaries Death and the Devil. The Knight could be interpreted as Erasmus’s unwavering Christian soldier who mocks Death and the Devil, believing that he is protected as he does God’s will here in mortality on this Earth that God as created. The ‘Christian soldier’ is a perfect embodiment and ideal of the many virtues toward which the church and culture of the middle ages gave so much import. One of these virtues is that of temperance, the Knight is traveling far from the city, alone and seemingly quite vulnerable to the temptations and desperation that may be cast at him from Death and the Devil causing him to fall from his position. However he remains steadfast in his look, armed with a sword and spear, and protected by full armor. He doesn’t even notice Death and the Devil waiting to take a dvantage of him and grasp him, pulling him down to his demise. He is the very image of temperance of a strong, faithful and unmoving servant of Christ. Durer chose to represent the horse in full profile, showing every muscle and aspect of the animal in perfect proportions. The horse is depicted in the picture perfect moment as if its regulated steps were chosen for a sculpture. The hound that accompanies the Knight could be said to represent faith. In the middle ages hounds often accompanied their masters and aided them in their quests, dogs by nature are extremely faithful and obedient to their owners, as a Christian soldier should be to his God. Death and the Devil choose to appear in the wilderness where the Knight is alone and more susceptible to their machinations. In this scene the Knight is surrounded by evil and destruction, the trademarks of his foe. A skull lies at the feet of the horse perhaps representing the failures of those who have gone before our protagonist, but agai... Free Essays on Knight Death And The Devil Free Essays on Knight Death And The Devil In Durer’s copperplate engraving, Knight, Death, and Devil, it appears that the Knight is emerging victorious, both morally and literally over his two adversaries Death and the Devil. The Knight could be interpreted as Erasmus’s unwavering Christian soldier who mocks Death and the Devil, believing that he is protected as he does God’s will here in mortality on this Earth that God as created. The ‘Christian soldier’ is a perfect embodiment and ideal of the many virtues toward which the church and culture of the middle ages gave so much import. One of these virtues is that of temperance, the Knight is traveling far from the city, alone and seemingly quite vulnerable to the temptations and desperation that may be cast at him from Death and the Devil causing him to fall from his position. However he remains steadfast in his look, armed with a sword and spear, and protected by full armor. He doesn’t even notice Death and the Devil waiting to take a dvantage of him and grasp him, pulling him down to his demise. He is the very image of temperance of a strong, faithful and unmoving servant of Christ. Durer chose to represent the horse in full profile, showing every muscle and aspect of the animal in perfect proportions. The horse is depicted in the picture perfect moment as if its regulated steps were chosen for a sculpture. The hound that accompanies the Knight could be said to represent faith. In the middle ages hounds often accompanied their masters and aided them in their quests, dogs by nature are extremely faithful and obedient to their owners, as a Christian soldier should be to his God. Death and the Devil choose to appear in the wilderness where the Knight is alone and more susceptible to their machinations. In this scene the Knight is surrounded by evil and destruction, the trademarks of his foe. A skull lies at the feet of the horse perhaps representing the failures of those who have gone before our protagonist, but agai...

Samsung Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Samsung - Essay Example The company which always prided in its expertise to customize the product according to the needs of the customer has indeed come a long way from its formative years. The importance it gives to the quality is reflected in the fact that the flawed memory chips worth tens of millions of dollars are burnt in the open field to remind the employees of the belief customers place in their company. It has won several awards for quality during the periods 1995 - 2003 from fiercely competing companies too, which is a hallmark of sorts. The strategies it employed in bringing out the best of its engineers were a novelty then and the same strategies are now implemented across the globe to repeat the same success story Samsung had written. The company is the leading supplier of memory cards to PCs, digital cameras, game players and other electronic devices. Its primary focus was on the memory chips category which has had its own fluctuations over a period of 2 decades. There were established player s in the market like Infineon Technologies, Elpida, Micron Technology, Hynix, etc. Most of these companies were as a result of alliances with Global giants like Intel, Siemens, Toshiba and Hyundai. Samsung too acquired technology from Micron on 'cash for technology' basis. It then implemented a unique internal competition for advancements of its acquired technology. ... It graduated to the frontline companies in this category and soon toppled Hitachi as the number one producer of memory chips. The presence of Samsung's main R&D facility in one location, south of Seoul, helped save a substantial amount in construction costs. The development of Samsung's memory chips division closely follows the Porter Diamond model in that the location, available raw materials and labor are crucial factors for comparative advantage. The high employee morale that has been its strength right from its birth has ensured its position stay perched at the top firmly for decades. Samsung was also responsible for 22% of all of South Korea's exports in 2004 and was a major contributor in the $22.1 billion worth semiconductor exports from South Korea. It also represented 23% of the total market value on the Korean Stock Exchange. With this kind of economic impact on the nation, it is important from both the Government's and the company's view, that it sustains the growth level. The net revenue over a period of two decades is as follows. It shows the fluctuations in the market which needs to assessed in fine detail to ensure its leadership positioning in the market. Twice in seven years, there was a dip in profits which is a reflection of the growing competition and emphasizes the need to take appropriate measures to maintain the projected growth rates. It also stresses on the need to work on the rapidly changing technology segment. Its present focus is on the flash memory segment, which looks poised for growth in the coming years but the existing competitors have already captured a major chunk of the market. Samsung has been in the race in inventing itself according to the needs of the customer base, but the entry of Chinese companies will make it more

A Subsidiary Company in a European Union Country Essay

A Subsidiary Company in a European Union Country - Essay Example But currently, the industry has become multinational with a giant turnover. The clothing industry is among the most competitive and also most profitable ventures. It provides employment opportunities directly and indirectly to millions of people worldwide. Currently, in the United Kingdom some of the leading clothing companies include Aquascutum, Aston Bourne, Austin Reed, Barbour, Bertie.co.uk, Elvi, Dorothy Perkins, Monsoon, I Love Cashmere, Next, and countless others. The competitive environment in this industry is very high because of the enormous number of clothing companies in the market. Clothing companies have various challenges they experience which include increased expenses for operating costs and raw material. When the global economy weakens, it affects the clothing industry majorly because people tend to not purchase new clothes. The effects have been seen whereby some industry players do fallout during these periods. But when the economy strengthens the industry also improves. Rapid fashion and trend changes and changing customer preferences can also pose a significant challenge to the industry. Next, a clothing company in United Kingdom headquarters in England, designs, manufactures and supplies clothing, footwear, and home accessories. It has over 700 stores spread across the globe. Next boasts 200 stores in the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. Other 597 stores are found in Ireland and the United Kingdom. Next was founded in the year 1964. It has approximately 54,507 employees (2013). In the year 2013, the company recorded a profit of  £508.6 million. Next plc’s business strategies include developing and upgrading Next products, improving the company’s financial strength by promoting secure financing structure and increasing the number of online sales globally.  

Literature theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Literature theory - Essay Example The only difference is that Iser impresses that the value of literature is in making sense of the literature itself while Barthes says literature is the product of the culture. According to Barthes, readers too read and find meaning in the literature just as anthropologists do. These are often expressed symbolically. Iser too finds gaps in the literature of which the reader is expected to make sense. The reader is also expected to make moral judgments of the characters, according to Iser. Compare/contrast the rhetorical theories of Iser and Fetterly. Try to identify areas of agreement and disagreement in their discussions of how readers read and/or how poetry affects its audiences. (186 words). Fetterly states that most of American literature has been written by male and from a male perspective. It also reflects the male oppressive attitude towards women and a woman is expected to identify against herself when she reads such literature. Fetterly further insists that a woman should resist what the literature wants her to do. In contrast Iser feels the value of the literature lies in trying to make sense of the literature. While Fetterly states that women should not allow this sort of literature to affect us as the literature carries the culture, Iser contends that we do not perceive or absorb all that the literature wants to convey at the same time. It takes place over a period of time. Fetterly believes that women should attempt to change the culture. They should not just try to read through the intention of the author but reject it if they find it objectionable but Iser feels that at times the effect on the reader is much later and this is true of a novel as well as poetry. Both however agree that literature affects the reader. Woolf, Arnold and Eliot all three agree that the individual writer is influenced by the literary tradition but they disagree on the

Law Of Evidence Analysis Of Similar Fact Evidence Law Essay

Law Of Evidence Analysis Of Similar Fact Evidence Law Essay The law of evidence is a system under which facts are used to determine the rights and liabilities of the parties. Evidence proves the existence of facts in issue or infers them from related facts. One of the fundamental considerations of criminal evidence law is the balance of justice to the accused against wrongful convictions, ensuring a fair trial and fairness to the victim. Since stakes in criminal trials are generally high, prosecution would have to prove the accuseds guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Since similar fact evidence as evinced in s  11(b), 14 and 15 of the Evidence Act(EA) can be highly prejudicial to the accused, and yet play an important role in proving culpability, it should be reformed to clarify its scope of application under the EA and reflect the common laws prejudicial propensity balancing test. 2. Similar Fact Evidence A. Background Similar fact evidence is not directly connected to the case but is admitted to prove the existence of facts in issue due to its general similitude.The worry that the trier of facts would convict the accused based solely on evidence of prior conduct has generally led to the inadmissibility of such evidence in the trial as this is severely prejudicial. This concern is amplified in bench trials. Studies have suggested that judges were as influenced as laypersons when exposed to inadmissible evidence, such as prior convictions, even when they held that these evidences were inadmissible.  [6]  This is despite strong confidence in the judges ability to remain neutral to the inadmissible facts.  [7]   Hence, the accuseds past similar offence or behaviour is inadmissible as similar fact evidence based on pure propensity reasoning would colour the courts ability to assess the evidence [objectively].  [8]   Nonetheless, the mere prejudicial effect of such evidence does not render it inadmissible. It may be highly relevant, especially when such evidence is used to determine whether the acts in question were deliberate or to rebut a defence that could have been available.  [9]   B. EA Under s  5 of the EA, a fact is only relevant if it falls within one of the relevancy provisions  [10]  stated in s  6 to s  10 of the EA. These provisions govern specifically the facts in issue, i.e. determinant facts that would decide whether the accused is guilty according to the substantive law governing that offence.In addition, s  11(b) was enacted to be the residuary category for the relevancy provisions. In contrast, similar fact evidence is primarily administrated by s  14 and s  15 as it is concerned with conduct that is merely similar in nature to those facts in issue  [13]  . s  14 is applicable only when the state of mind of the accused is in issue. Similar fact evidence is admissible to prove mens rea or to rebut the defence of good faith.  [14]   s  15 deals with similar fact evidence that forms a series of similar occurrences to prove the mens rea of the accused,  [15]  and enables the prosecution to produce evidence to rebut a potential defence otherwise open to the accused.  [16]   Admission of similar fact evidence under the EA is based on a categorization approach  [17]  , where such evidence is admissible pursuant to the exceptions stated in the EA  [18]  . Hence, similar fact evidence should only be admissible to prove the mens rea of the accused under s  14 and 15.  [19]   Significantly, Singapore, India, Malaysia and Sri Lanka have identical s  11, 14 and 15 provisions in their respective Evidence enactments. With the exception of the Indian Evidence Act  [20]  , the three sections have not been amended since the 19th century.  [21]   C. Case Law Interpretation of Similar Fact Evidence in EA Singapore courts have not strictly adhered to the draftmans intention in recent cases.  [22]  The court has incorporated common laws balancing test  [23]  where the judge would balance between the probative and prejudicial effect of the similar fact evidence.  [24]   In Lee Kwang Peng v PP  [25]  , scope of similar fact evidence was extended to prove actus reus. Pursuant to s  11(b), the court was of the view that the section embodied  [26]  the balancing test. Hence, similar fact evidence is admissible to prove both mens reas and actus reus.  [27]  Although readily admitting that this would be contrary to the draftsmans intention, then Chief Justice Yong held that the EA should be a facilitative statute rather than a mere codification of Stephens statement of the law of evidence  [28]  . The courts, until Law Society of Singapore v Tan Guat Neo Phyllis  [29]  (Phyllis Tan), were generally of the opinion that they had the discretion to exclude evidence substantially unfair to the accused.  [30]   D. Under the Criminal Procedure Code Act (2010)  [31]  (CPC) s  266 of CPC, dealing specifically with stolen goods, allows previous convictions of the accused to be admitted to rebut his defence of good faith and/or prove mens rea. However, notice would have to be given to the accused before adducing such evidence  [32]  . E. In Comparison to Common Law Unlike the EA, admissibility of criminal evidence at common law is exclusionary. As long as the evidence is logically probative, it is admissible unless it contravenes clear public policy or other laws.  [33]   In Makin v A-G for NSW  [34]  , Lord Herschell formulated the two-limbed rule governing the admissibility of similar fact evidence. Under the first limb, the prosecution is not allowed to adduce similar fact evidence for pure propensity reasoning. However, under the second limb, evidence of the accuseds past conduct is admissible if relevant to the facts in issue via the categorization approach.  [35]   Boardman v PP  [36]  reformulated these rules by incorporating the balancing test. Under this test, the probative force of the similar fact evidence must outweigh the prejudicial effect. Furthermore, such evidence should be strikingly similar, such that it would offend common sense if the evidence is excluded.  [37]   However, the requirement of striking similarity was deemed to be too narrow in DPP v PP  [38]  . Instead, sufficient probative force could be gleaned from other circumstances  [39]  . Nonetheless, similar fact evidence used to prove identity must be sufficiently special to portray a signature or other special feature that would reasonably point to the accused as the perpetuator of the crime.  [40]  Hence, similar fact evidence is admissible to establish actus reus  [41]  . F. Defects of EA Singapore courts have incorporated common law principles and extended the applicability of similar fact evidence to prove actus reus. This has resulted in inconsistencies between the draftsmans intention and the courts approach. Further, there are some ambiguities that require clarification. First, there are difficulties superimposing the Boardmans balancing test into s  11, 14 and 15  [42]  as the EA was drafted to suit the categorization approach. The court would have to admit evidence falling under either section even if it may not be very probative or is highly prejudicial. Hence, s  14 and s  15 address only the probative part of the balancing test and leave no room for prejudicial effect considerations.  [43]  As a result, judicial discretion to exclude very detrimental evidence was developed.  [44]   Second, although allowing similar fact evidence to prove actus reus would require the judge to evoke an additional step of inference  [45]  , limiting the use of this evidence to prove mens rea would allow extremely probative evidence to be excluded  [46]  . Third, admissibility rules under the EA do not distinguish situations where the accused adduced similar fact evidence unintentionally. An injurious consequence would result if the prosecution is entitled to use such evidence.  [47]   Fourth, under s 15, a single act, no matter how probative, is inadmissible.  [48]  However, this does not take into account the consideration that an act may be capable of supporting the argument based on the rarity of circumstances  [49]  . Fifth, the courts have admitted similar fact evidence pursuant to s  11  (b) although it may not be pertinent to the facts in issue. Hence, EA should be amended to provide safeguards against such usage of s  11(b). Lastly, in light of Phyllis Tan  [50]  , more protection against admissibility of similar fact evidence should be incorporated into the EA. 3. Possible Options A. Survey of the other Jurisdiction (1) Australia Uniform Evidence Acts  [51]  (UEA) Under UEA, propensity evidence and similar fact evidence are governed by the tendency rule in s 97 and the coincidence rule in s  98. (a) Tendency Rule Evidence pertaining to the character, reputation, conduct or a tendency that the accused possessed is inadmissible unless (a) notice is given to the accused and (b) the evidence has significant probative value. Although UEA does not state how probative the evidence has to be, probative value of the evidence is defined the extent to which the evidence could rationally affect the assessment of the probability of the existence of a fact in issue.  [52]  Operation of s  97 would be invoked when the evidence is adduced for the purpose of proving the accuseds inherent tendency to act in a particular way.  [53]   (b) Coincidence Rule As a general rule, evidence of related events which must be substantially and relevantly similar  [54]   would be inadmissible unless notice is given and the court is convinced that it possesses significant probative value  [55]  . (c) Criminal Proceedings A safeguard was inserted in relation to criminal proceedings under s  101 where the probative value of either the tendency or coincidence evidence would have to substantially outweigh any prejudicial effect. However, the degree of probativeness need not  [56]  be of such a degree that only one conclusion, i.e. culpability of the accused, could be drawn  [57]  . (No rationale explanation test) (d) Analysis UEA clearly adopts the balancing test approach, where the probative effect of the evidence must substantially outweigh the prejudicial effect on the accused. Furthermore, the introduction of the notice system would reduce the prejudicial effect as the accused not be unduly surprised. However, as pointed out by the Australian Law Reform Commission, there is much ambiguity in what constitutes significantly probative and when the probative effect will substantially outweigh the prejudicial effect. Significantly, in Australia, the trier of fact and law are different. Heavy reliance on the judges discretions, added with the ambiguity and wide application of the balancing test, would increase the risk of prejudice in bench trials. (2) India Statutory Amendments Some amendments to s  11, 14 and 15 of The Indian Evidence Act  [58]  , upon which the EA was modeled on  [59]  , had been made pursuant to a review in 2003.  [60]  However, the changes made were very minor.  [61]   (a) Section 11 An explanation, inserted after s  11(2)  [62]  , qualified the type of evidence rendered relevant under s  11 such that the degree of relevancy is dependent on the opinion of the Court  [63]  . (b) Section 14 Clarifications to illustration (h) of s  14 were made such that the similar fact evidence has to show that A either had constructive or actual knowledge of the public notice of the loss of the property.  [64]   (c) Section 15 The changes merely show that the acts made, pursuant to s 15, must be done by the same person.  [65]   (d) Analysis It would appear that the amendments to the Indian Evidence Act do not have any substantial impact on the law. However, the amendment of s  11 explicitly mentions that the degree of relevancy of facts is subjected to the opinions of the court, which suggests an approach more in line with the balancing test. (3) England and Wales Criminal Justice Act 2003  [66]  (CJA) The admissibility of criminal evidence is presently governed entirely  [67]  by the CJA. Part II of CJA addresses the admissibility of bad character  [68]  evidence, which is defined as a persons disposition for a particular misconduct. Evidence of the defendants bad character can be adduced if it falls under one of the seven gateways under s 101(1)  [69]  . Significantly, under s 101 (1) (d), bad character evidence is admissible if it is relevant to an important issue between the defendant and the prosecution  [70]  . This includes the propensity to commit a particular type of offence which the accused is charged with or the propensity to lie  [71]  . Moreover, past convictions may be admissible to prove the defendants propensity to commit the crime he was charged with.  [72]   Regardless, s  101 (3) allows the court to exclude evidence, falling under s 101  (1)(d), upon the application of the defendant if the court views that admission of such evidence would infringe on the fairness of the proceedings.  [73]   The scope for the admissibility of bad character evidence has widened under the CJA.  [74]  In fact, evidence of bad character has changed from one of prima facie inadmissibility to that of prima facie admissibility  [75]  . Although, under s  103, bad character evidence would be inadmissible if it does not heighten the culpability of the accused, suggesting that the evidence must have some probative force, it appears that the CJA has abandoned the balancing test. Hence, similar fact evidence in the form of bad character evidence would be inadmissible if it lacks probative value in the establishment of the defendants culpability. However, s  101 (1), with the exception of s  101(1)(e), merely requires the evidence to be probative, without the need to outweigh prejudicial effect. 4. Proposal The EA would require more than a mere amendment. Hence, the type of reform advocated under the Indian Evidence Act should not be adopted. However, a radical change from the categorization approach to the balancing approach, following UEA, would give the court too much discretion. This is worrying as judges may not be entirely indifferent to inadmissible facts when deciding the case. On the other hand, the approach under the CJA would be contrary to Phyllis Tan  [76]  and potentially allows highly prejudicial similar fact evidence to be admissible as long as the prosecution can show some probative value which points towards the guilt of the accused. Hence, a hybridised model should be adopted where the categorisation approach under s 14 and s 15 is kept, but admissibility of such evidence must be subjected to the balancing test. A. Amendments (1) Changes to the Headings s  5 to s 16, under the general heading of Relevancy of facts, could be further sub-divided. First, s  5 to s  11 should be placed under a sub-heading of Governing Facts in issues  [77]  . Second, s  12 to s  16 could be placed under Relevancy of other facts sub-heading. This sub-division of the relevancy provisions would clarify the functions of each section and discourage courts from admitting similar fact evidence which does not have a specific connection with the facts in issue via s 11(b). (2) Incorporating balancing test Most importantly, EA should be amended to include the balancing test with guidance drawn from the UEA, such that the probative value of the similar fact evidence should substantially outweigh the prejudicial effect. However, the definition of substantially outweigh should be left undefined and allowed to develop under the common law. The courts could draw assistance from the Australian case law. (3) Proving Identity A provision could be inserted to the EA allowing similar fact evidence to prove that the accused was responsible for the offence. In addition to the balancing test, the provision should also reflect the proposition that that such similar fact evidence must satisfy the threshold test of being strikingly similar to the offence, almost akin to a signature or special feature of the accused. However, it is submitted that the extension of similar fact evidence to prove actus reus should be limited to the situation where the identity of the perpetuator is in doubt. B. Clarifications (1) Similar fact evidence produced by the accused mistakenly It is proposed that such evidence should subjected to a higher standard of balancing test where the probative value substantially outweighs prejudicial effect. (2) Only prior convictions are allowed Prior acquittals should not be admissible as similar fact evidence as this would be unduly prejudicial to the accused. Furthermore, this could result in the undesirable situation whereby the accused is subjected to a second round of trials with regards to the prior charges. In relation to the type of prior convictions that should be allowed, the EA should incorporate the definitions found in s 103(2)  [78]  and s  103(4)  [79]  of the CJA. (3) Clarification of s. 15 s  15 should be extended to include single act or conduct of the accused to rebut the defendants defence of accident. However, in light of a potential danger of placing too much importance on a single episode, a qualification, such as the no rationale reason  [80]  test, should be implemented along with the extension of s  15. 5. Additional Safeguards A system of notice, as seen in UEA, should be included into the EA. This reduces the prejudicial effect as the evidence would not be a surprise. Furthermore, this approach would be in line with the CPC, which has already adopted such a procedural reform. 6. Conclusion Regarded as one of the most difficult area of the law of evidence, similar fact evidence can serve as a double-edged sword. It has the potential to convict the accused although the facts do not relate to the facts in issue and is highly prejudicial to the defendant. In light of the rapid development of the rules governing the admissibility of similar fact evidence under the common law and the recent trend of common law countries codifying the test of admissibility into statutes, the EA should be reformed to reflect these developments, instead of relying on case law which can lead to inconsistency and uncertainty. Further, as information of a persons past is easily obtained with present technological advancements, safeguards against similar fact evidence should be incorporated so as to ensure a fair trial.

Truman Capotes In Cold Blood Essay -- In Cold Blood Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many writers traditionally use their imagination to fabricate an interesting yet fictional story. Only their creativity and vision limit their writing. They can afford to neglect minor details because they do not base their stories on factual information. There existed a period when this was the only practiced style when writing a novel. However, Truman Capote pioneered the 'nonfiction novel', as he called it, when he undertook the writing of In Cold Blood. His book described the well-known murders of the Clutters, a model American family. Due to the fact that Capote was writing a factual account of the crime, he thought it necessary to make his novel correct in even the smallest details. This proved to be a very difficult project, but his perseverance paid off. Capote made use of many literary techniques in order to grab the interest of his readers. He wanted his novel to be more than just a newspaper description of the crime. Finally, In Cold Blood was a great s uccess because it told a true story in an interesting way. Capote overcame a big milestone by discovering a way to write a nonfiction novel, which appealed to everyone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, Capote knew that he was creating a new art form when he wrote his greatest work, In Cold Blood. He was a writer for the New Yorker, which gave him good practice in gathering important facts It took him six years to complete this book because that is the amount of time that passed from the time the Clutters were murdered to the time the criminals were put to death. Truman Capote wanted his novel to be as close to the true facts as possible. He painstakingly gathered information from Holocomb, Kansas, the site of the murders, and various other settings. In reference to Capote?s obsession for accuracy, Gerald Clark wrote   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Cold Blood may have been written like a novel, but it is accurate   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  to the smallest detail, ?immaculately factual? Truman publicly boasted.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although it has no footnotes, he could point out to an obvious source   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  for every remark uttered and every thought expressed. ?One doesn?t   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  spend almost six years on a book, the point of which is factual accuracy,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  and then give way to minor distortions.?(358) Because Truman had to devote much of his time to the research and writing of this novel, he wanted to be thorough. He was so proud of his work that he dubbe... ...nent   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  to every event, and the creative vision of an artist who can arrange his   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  materials in such a manner that the reader is moved to pity, terror, joy,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  and sorrow.(237) Capote proved his excellence in writing by maintaining a firm grasp on his reader?s attention.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, In Cold Blood was a pioneer novel because it combined journalism with fiction techniques. It was very difficult for Truman Capote to write this novel because he had to gather massive amounts of data in order to make the book factual. Next, he needed to organize that data in such a way that it would be interesting to the reader. Secondly, Capote used many literary techniques such as flashback and dramatic irony to make his novel more interesting. Finally, this novel was very appealing to all people because it was based on a true crime. Edward Weeks wrote ?he is providing the readers with a high-minded aesthetic excuse for reading about a mean, sordid crime.(160)? This means that Capote provided people with an artistic account of the Clutter murders rather than a straightforward, newspaper one. Works Cited: Capote, Truman. In Cold Blood. New York: Vintage, 1965.

Advocates Act

THE ADVOCATES ACT, 1961 The legal profession as it exists today was created and developed during the British period. However, it is notable that in earlier days of the British period the legal profession was not paid due attention and it was not well organized. Actually the east India Company was not interested in organizing the legal profession. There was no uniform judicial system in the settlements of the east India Company.After introduction of so many charters by the company it enacted The Indian High Courts Act, 1861 (commonly known as the Charter Act) passed by the British Parliament enabled the Crown to establish High Courts in India by Letters Patent and these Letters Patent authorized and empowered the High Courts to make rules for advocates and attorneys (commonly known as Solicitors). The law relating to Legal Practitioners can be found in the Legal Practitioners Act, 1879 and the Indian Bar Councils Act, 1926. Legal Practitioners Act, 1879 came into force with effect fro m 1st January, 1880.In 1879, the legal practitioners act was passed to consolidate and it amend the law relating to the legal practitioners. Under the legal practitioners act, 1979 the term â€Å"legal practitioner† has been used for advocate, vakil or attorney of a high court and pleader, Mukhtar or revenue agent. All these were brought under the jurisdiction of high court. A Person who is qualified to be pleader / vakil / muktas has to appear for examination and after obtaining the certificate he / she may apply under Sec. of the Legal Practitioners Act and Register their name in any Court or Revenue Office situated within the local limits of the Appellate Jurisdiction of the High Court. As Per Sec. 11 of this Act, the High Court may frame the rules declaring what shall be deemed to be the functions, powers and duties of pleaders / vakils / muktas. As per Sec. 13 of this Act, the High Court has Disciplinary control over Pleaders / Vakils / muktas by suspending / dismissal / by withdrawing the certificate granted by it. The Indian Bar Council Act 1926 came into force with effect from 9. . 1926. The main object of the act was to provide for the constitution and incorporation of bar councils for certain courts, to confer powers and impose duties on such councils and also to consolidate and amend the law relating to the legal practitioners of such courts. As per Sec. 4(1), every Bar Council shall consist of 15 Members, one shall be the Advocate General, 4 shall be persons nominated by High Court of whom not more than 2 may be judges of High Court and 10 shall be elected by the Advocates who are practicing at High Court.As per Sec. 8 of Indian Bar Council Act a person may enrol as an advocate in the High Court. After admission as an Advocate he/she has to undergo One year Apprentice training with any senior advocate and he has to issue certificate that training period is completed successfully. After Independence it was deeply felt that the Judicial Admini stration in India should be changed according to the needs of the time. The Law Commission was assigned the job of preparing a report on the Reform of Judicial Administration.In the mean while the All India Bar Committee went into detail of the matter and made its recommendations in 1953. To implement the recommendations of the All India Bar Committee and after taking into account the recommendations of the Law Commission on the subject of Reform of Judicial Administration in so far as the recommendation relate to the Bar and to legal education, a Comprehensive Bill was introduced in the Parliament. The Advocate Bill was passed by both the Houses of Parliament nd it received the assent of the President on 19the May,1961 and it become The Advocates Act,1961 (25 of 1961). The main salient features of this Bar Council is to enroll the candidates who have obtained law degree, disciplinary control over the advocates, to promote legal education to junior advocates and provide financial as sistance to the Advocates on medical ground and also the bereaved family of the Advocates. Objective of the ActThe establishment of an All India Bar Council and a common roll of advocates and advocate on the common roll having a right to practice in any part of the country and in any Court, including the Supreme Court; The integration of the bar into a single class of legal practitioners knows as advocates; The prescription of a uniform qualification for the admission of persons to be advocates; The division of advocates into senior advocates and other advocates based on merit; The creation of autonomous Bar Councils, one for the whole of India and on for each State.The Bill, being a comprehensive measure, repeals the Indian Bar Council Act, 1926, and all other laws on the subject.

Frank Llyod Wright essays

Frank Llyod Wright essays Frank Lloyd Wright is the most influential architect of modern architecture. Not only is his work famous in America, he has many designs around the world. His unique style may have been influenced by his experiences during his early adulthood. After quitting his first job to try to accomplish his personal goals, he became famous throughout the world. Having many well-known designs, Wrights most known designs are what he calls Prairie Houses, and his home and workplace, Taliesin. Frank Lloyd Wright was born in Richland Center, Wisconsin, on June 8, 1867. He lived with his mom and many aunts and uncles. His dad abandoned the family in 1885 to pursue a music career. Soon after, Wright left to pursue a career of his own. After attending the University of Wisconsin, he traveled to near-by Chicago to start his first job. He worked for a company called Adler and Sullivan. This was an architectural firm that was well known throughout Chicago. There is where Wright first started expressing his ideas. On his own, he made what he called bootleg houses for the companys clients (Blake and Sudler 1). These were kept confidential from the firm, because Wright wanted to receive full credit for his designs. He had a very distinctive style of building that was different from Sullivans common style. Being in a city full of tall buildings, he made houses that had tall walls and received most of its light from skylights. These were made like this to give the clients a sense of privacy among the city living. Some of his most famous bootleg designs are the Unity Church and the Robie House, both located in Chicago. After these designs were found out by Adler and Sullivan, problems had escalated to the point where the company shut down. From there, Wright was able to begin achieving his goals, and make a name for himself as one of the premier architects of his time, or perhaps ...

Army of None Essay Example

Army of None Essay Example Army of None Essay Army of None Essay al BCOM/275 Army of None June 4, 2012 Recruiters lie. According the New York Times, nearly one of five United States Army recruiters was under investigation in 2004 for offenses varying from threats and coercion to false promises that applicants would not be sent to Iraq. One veteran recruiter told a reporter for the Albany Times Union, Iâ„ ¢ve been recruiting for years, and I donâ„ ¢t know one recruiter who wasnâ„ ¢t dishonest about it. I did it myself. (counterrecruiter.wordpress.com) The military contract guarantees nothing. The Department of Defenseâ„ ¢s own enlistment/re-enlistment document states, Laws and regulations that govern military personnel may change without notice to me. Such changes may affect my status, pay allowances, benefits and responsibilities as a member of the Armed Forces REGARDLESS of the provisions of this enlistment/re-enlistment document (DD Form4/1, 1998, Sec.9.5b). Advertised signing bonuses are bogus. Bonuses are often thought of as gifts, but theyâ„ ¢re not. Theyâ„ ¢re like loans: If an enlistee leaves the military before his or her agreed term of service, he or she will be forced to repay the bonus. Besides, Army data shows that the top bonus of $20,000 was given to only 6 percent of the 47, 7272 enlistees who signed up for active duty. (counterrecruiter.wordpress.com) What money is for college $71,424 is it in the bank If you expect the military to pay for college, better read the fine print. Among recruits who sign up for the Montgomery GI Bill, 65 percent receive no money for college, and only 15 percent ever receive a college degree. The maximum Montgomery GI Bill benefit is $37,224, and even this 37K is hard to get: To join, you must first put in a nonrefundable $1,200 deposit that has to be paid to the military during the first year of service. To receive the $37K, you must also be an active-duty member who has completed at least a three-year service agreement and is attending a four-year college full time. Benefits are significantly lower if you are going to school part-time or attending a two-year college. If you receive a less than honorable discharge (as one in four do), leave the military early (as one in three do), or later decide not to go to college, the military will keep your deposit and give you nothing. Note: The $71,424 advertise d by the Army and $86,000 by the Navy includes benefits from the Amy or Navy College Fund, respectively. Fewer than 10 percent of all recruits earn money from the Army College Fund, which is specifically designed to lure recruits into hard-to-fill positions. (counterrecruiter.wordpress.com) Never been a recruiter but I have served in the Army for 21 years. I used my GI Bill benefits to pay towards my degree and so have other countless other soldiers. Most benefits are guaranteed to you and the terms of how the money is paid are immediately. For anyone to sit here and say the majority of people never receive their benefits is false. The only way you donâ„ ¢t receive the benefits is choosing to not use them or have a discharged under less than honorable conditions. The job you choose when you enlist is the job you train for. Never met anyone in the Army who didnâ„ ¢t receive the training for the job they choose itâ„ ¢s in writing on a contract thatâ„ ¢s binding. It sounds like this website has its own issues with omitting facts and stretching the truth. Not sure when 47, 7272 enlistees signed up, but someone needs to check their data. We are talking about serious life issues. The Army has not had 47,000 people joining for many years. All services (reserve included) have not had 47,000 join in a single year ever. One in four enlistees getting out with less than honorable is not true. One in three getting out early included people getting out going to college or attending West Point as well as switching to another service, but this is still completely false. Lastly, this is the simply the most poorly prepared webpage I have ever visited. Thank you for your time, and Iâ„ ¢m proud to serve my country to continue giving you the right to whine about it. Referenceâ„ ¢s 1. (Internet from 11/22/11) http://counterrecruiter.wordpress.com

John Miltons Paradise Lost Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

John Miltons Paradise Lost - Essay Example Milton's view on the first acts of disobedience by Adam and Eve sounds critical and defensive worrying that universal despair and death will appear inadequate and incommensurate with the violation of a single dietary prohibition. This is in line with the concluding two ignored scriptural verses that say: "Anyone who examines this sin carefully will admit, and rightly, that it was a most atrocious offense, and that it broke every part of the law. For what fault is there which man did not commit in committing this sin He was to be condemned both for trusting Satan and for not trusting God; he was faithless, ungrateful, disobedient, greedy, uxorious; she, negligent of her husband's welfare; both of them committed theft, robbery with violence, murder against their children (i.e. the whole human race); each was sacrilegious and deceitful, cunningly aspiring to divinity though thoroughly unworthy of it, proud and arrogant. Correspondingly, Eccles. vii.29 states that "God has made man uprig ht, but they have thought up numerous devices, and in James ii.10 states that "whoever keeps the whole law, and yet offends in one point, is guilty of all. Such verses where referenced by Milton's Paradise Lost saying that Adam and Eve become manifold in sin with their disobedience of one law. The primal act is death's equivalent of the original single cell from which all life is said to have derived, fertilized in a flash of lightning as the earth cooled, leaving traces of itself in all its varied progeny. Milton exploits the Preacher's choice of adam for "man" in the Hebrew text of Ecclesiastes 7:29 as well as his shift from singular to plural in the second clause. This rabbinic interpretation of texts rewrites the verse in an Edenic context and adds Eve as a sinner by means of binary fission. Rashi elucidates and expounds adam in the verse ("God created Adam perfectly upright"), and both Rashi and the earlier Midrash Qoheleth Rabbah explain the use of the plural "they": "when Eve was created from the body of Adam, he became two people" (as cited in Rosenblatt 1994). The concluding verse of the paragraph from James emphasizes the strictly permanent and unbreakable unity of the Pentateuchal law, ultimately a rabbinic idea, although its most famous formulations occur in the letters of Paul, who appropriates and transforms it. Taunting the Jewish Christians, less pious than the Pharisees, who yet refuse to ignore the ceremonial law, Paul insists that if they adopt Jewish law they must perform it all (Sifra, Kedoshim 8b; Sabbath 31a). Paul always views the law's unity negatively, as in Galatians 3:6-14, which attempts to illustrate that the law is impossible to keep in every detail and that only faith can save (Segal 1990). Milton mentions not Paul but rather the noticeably unProtestant and un-Pauline James, whose assumption of the law's unity strengthens his positive declaration that works must go along with faith. The law in Milton's Eden was just, efficacious, and easy to keep. The long list of sins in De doctrina constitutes a complaint against Adam and Eve, not against the law itself, and so Milton appropriately cites James's positive rather than Paul's negative view of the law's unity. The aggregate of

Bobcat Hospital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Bobcat Hospital - Essay Example Proper documentation, resource optimization and reduced complications lead to low cost and improve the billings. This ensures profits for the health care. Bobcat county hospital also has to ensure that it has all the necessary equipments used to treat the patients, so it has to invest in the machines. This is usually based on the amount of money that the hospital is able to raise. It will have to invest on the machines that they are able to afford depending on the revenue that it can raise. Having a good financial system enable them to calculate how much money can be saved for a long term investment. The hospital should have a vision and mission that motivates the patients and give them a feeling of getting better. The main objective of the hospital is to offer quality treatment (Cawsey et al, 2012). Doctors sand nurses should be well trained professional who are qualified and are able to deliver quality services to the patients. Each and every person at bobcat county hospital has go od work ethics. Doctors need to be in their places of work at the right time, this enable them to respond quickly to any emergency that occur. They should also be able to report to work during early hours of the morning if they are needed to do so. All these can be attained if all the information about the residential places, the contacts of the hospital workers is easily accessible. All the information about the capital of the hospital should be well kept. This enable the organization to know how much is spending. For the hospital to achieve its goals which is to offer quality services to the patients, it has to be up to date of how much money is available to buy the necessary things like medicine and gloves used by the doctors, food for patients and also equipments used in the hospitals. This can be achieved if the amount of revenue raised is more than the amount that is spend. Well kept information about the capital also enables easy scrutiny and accountability of the funds. A go od management of the information bout the patient is important in the service delivery. An electronic record about the patients gives the doctor easy access and this enable them to give easy treatment (Institute of Medicine (U.S.). (2000). This, also ensures that a lot of time is not wasted while trying to treat the patients and also saves time in the organization of task and activities in the hospital. A good management of information also gives details about all the professionals that attend to a patient and this enable them to interact and discus on how to give quality treatment to the patient. References Cawsey, T. F., Deszca, G., Ingols, C., & Cawsey, T. F. (2012). Organizational change: An action-oriented toolkit. Thousand Oaks, Calif: SAGE Publications. Institute of Medicine (U.S.). (2000). Protecting data privacy in health services research. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press. Part Two The purpose of Clinical Information System is to avail all relevant information, at a ll places, fast, easily, in clarity and concisely. The upgrade of the clinical information system is of great benefit to the hospital. It will ensure: Information about the Patients Is Easily Accessed This system is important to providing convenient access to all medical records available during the process of caring for the patient. This enhances continuity of

Pathogencity and Immuneology Host resistence and the immune response Essay

Pathogencity and Immuneology Host resistence and the immune response - Essay Example The bacterium has the ability to cause problems for people who use catheters and heart valve implants. It forms biofilms on these catheters and implants. Over time the bacteria has become resistant to antibiotics and it is because of this resistance that the bacteria has evolved in highly virulent forms. It has the ability to cause infections if removed from its ecological niche. It can also be said to be an opportunistic bacteria because it has the ability to cause pathology in people whose immunity is decreased. Variola Virus On the other hand Variola virus is a virus which causes small pox. Small pox is the only disease which has been eliminated from earth. The virus is brick shaped with a double stranded DNA. It also has an enzyme known as RNA polymerase which helps it to replicate when entering the body. Unlike Staphylococcus epidermidis the variola virus is transmitted through the external world. It does not reside in the normal flora or act as opportunistic bacteria. It can be transmitted through respiratory passageways and skin lesions unlike the bacterium staphylococcus epidermidis which resides inside the body. Staphyloccocus epidermidis may not be harmful in its ecological niche whereas the Variola virus is always harmful because of the disease that it can cause.

Issues of Performance Appraisals Essay Example for Free

Issues of Performance Appraisals Essay Performance appraisal refers to the process, where in, an organization measures the performance of its employees against the performance or productivity standards set by it. For instance, an organization might review employees on the basis of the number of projects completed, goals achieved or sales targets met. Therefore, performance standards of one organization might be different from those of another. This further pinpoints the importance of performance appraisals in truly reflecting and impartially evaluating the performance of employees. A good performance appraisal will motivate employees and point out problematic areas. Whereas, a bad performance appraisal will be a waste of resources for any organization. Issues and Solutions Many organizations have trouble identifying the key areas that a performance appraisal has to address. They do not know, what they are trying to accomplish through a performance appraisal or how it will help them in employee evaluation. This can be established using the example of 360-degree feedback. â€Å"Typical mistakes organizations make are rushing into 360-degree appraisals without a clear idea of what they want them to achieve. † (McCurry P. (1999). New angle on 360-degree feedback. Director, 53, p. 36) Furthermore, organizations tend to use one particular tool in isolation, which does not yield reliable results. This should not be put into practice because one tool may not satisfy all the requirements of appraising. Moreover, appraisals need to take into account a comprehensive picture of performance. Using one particular tool can create a pigeon-hole view of what otherwise needed to be a holistic view of performance appraising. Ideally, an organization should know exactly what each tool can deliver, and use a combination of tools to assess different competencies. Organizations must assess pros and cons of different tools and handpick tools that suit their needs. Some tools that can be used are graphic rating scale, Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales, alternation ranking, forced distribution method, critical incident method, management by objectives and 360-degree feedback. (cited in Dessler, 2006). Some organizations might use certain tools of conducting performance appraisals just because they are being followed in the industry. This again produces a serious loop hole in the entire process of conducting performance appraisals. Every organization has its own structure, and culture that defines it. Although industry best practices might exist even for performance appraisals, however, the same tool is not necessarily applicable to all organizations. For instance, Andrew Forrest implies; if an organization’s culture is characterized by bureaucratic hierarchies, and does not foster communication, then conducting a 360-degree feedback will be pointless in such an organization. (cited in McCurry P. (1999). New angle on 360-degree feedback. Director, 53, p. 36). Some tools of performance appraising may become obsolete with relevance to an employee or employees because the on job environment of the employee changes. The problem remains that same job dynamics do not hold true for an employee, and so the employee can not be evaluated on former standards. In such a scenario performance appraisers need to consider the exact dynamics of the job of the employee and then undertake evaluation. This solution serves the interest of the both the organization and the employee. As mentioned by Candy Albertsson, . â€Å"An individual may have a different boss or team one year or be doing different work, which can make findings hard to compare†. (cited in McCurry P. (1999). New angle on 360-degree feedback. Director, 53, p. 36). One of the most important issues pertaining to performance appraisals is the degree of its objectivity. Employees certainly do not want to be unfairly evaluated because that effects the rewards or compensations tied to their performance. To ensure objectivity and fairness, Gail Dutton recommends software based performance appraisals. â€Å"software-based performance-appraisals tend to focus on results and actions rather than personality traits, employees are more likely to view them as fair†. (Dutton G. (2001). Making reviews more efficient and fair. Workforce,80, p. 76). Other methods of ensuring impartial appraisals are using multiple evaluators for the appraisal process as this increases the probability of attaining more accurate information. This is because if more than one appraiser is used the chances of errors stemming from biasness, halo effect or central tendency can be reduced. Halo effect, biasness, and central tendencies are inherent problems of the appraising process that are related to the appraiser. Halo effect occurs when â€Å"the influence of a rater’s general impression on ratings of specific ratee qualities† (cited in G. Dessler, 2006). Biasness comes from the impartiality of the appraiser where the appraiser might hold something against some employee. For example, a supervisor may have a personal dislike of an employee that may affect the appraisal process. Whereas, central tendency is defined as â€Å" a tendency to rate all employees the same way, such as rating them all average†. (Dessler, 2006, p. 328). Therefore, using more than one appraiser can truly raise the accuracy of an appraisal. In addition, appraisers should be asked to appraise only those areas in which they have expertise because they will be able to precisely evaluate the areas they specialize in. Another method to increase accuracy and objectivity of appraisal is to train evaluators. Provided that evaluators are better trained they will have a clear understanding or standards and will make better decisions. (Robbins S. P. , Judge T. A. ,2007, 625). Another issue that stems from the use of software based performance appraisals is that they can contain a set of generic questions that are not suited for the jobs that are being evaluated. (Dutton G. (2001). Making reviews more efficient and fair. Workforce,80, p. 76). To overcome this issue organizations need to tailor their software to their performance evaluation needs. In order to process a fair evaluation, the questions need to be customized to the jobs that are being evaluated. Not only should it be customized to the jobs, but also to the performance standards the job entails. Doing so organizations can address this particular issue effectively. Some organizations might favor software or computer based performance appraisals because it increases efficiency of operation. It should be noted that incorporating software based performance appraisals just for speeding up the appraising process will do no good to the organization. It might help the organization effectively utilize resources, for example, time savings, and less use of paper. Nonetheless, appraisal just for the sake of appraisal should not be the prime concern of any organization. Rather even the software based appraising process should be used to support the true meaning of carrying out performance appraisals. To make the appraising process effective organizations should incorporate supportive techniques into their performance evaluations. They should use interviews as well as other tools because in my opinion no tool can undermine the importance of face to face communications. Although the software based performance appraising methods are useful, however, a combined approach of using different tools can give more accurate results. The human touch should not be totally eliminated from the appraising process. References Dessler G. (2006). Human Resource Management. Florida: Prentice Hall Dutton G. (2001). Making reviews more efficient and fair. Workforce,80, p. 76-81. McCurry P. (1999). New angle on 360-degree feedback. Director, 53, p. 36. Robbins S. P. , Judge T. A. (2007). Organizational Behavior. New Jersey: Prentice Hall

Language Key Stage 1 2 Teaching Essay

Language Key Stage 1 2 Teaching Essay Research, such as that undertaken by Piaget (1978) and Vygotsky (Krause et al, 2003), Erikson (1997) and, later on, Bronfenbrenner (Krause et al, 2003), has put child development within social, economic and environmental contexts. Language, its acquisition, and how children talk, are recognised an essential constituents of these approaches. For example, at a Piagetian level, language acts as an indicator of a childs age and stage. For Vygotsky and Erikson, it reflects the students pre-conceptions, interpretations and understandings of the world and its workings as well as levels of pro-social skills. For Bronfenbrenner, language reflects the individuals environments within specific systems ranging from personal (microsystems family, peers, teachers) to external (macrosystems culture, beliefs). Currently, the value to student learning of specific talk types has come to the fore. For example, the importance of exploratory talk (Dawes et al, 2004) within the classroom talk context (Grugeon et al, 2005) has been realised as a means of developing pro-social and thinking skills. The first section of this essay extends this validation of childrens linguistic development. It does this through a survey of how theory, reason and practise combine to define childrens talk at primary level. It also looks at the formats that have been generated to support this (e.g. National Curriculum for Key Stages 1 and 2 and the National Literacy Strategy for Key Stages 1 and 2). The second section gives a general discussion of forms of talk. The third section focuses on the classroom environment and the teachers role in an increasingly holistic approach to students language and learning. It looks at the different language forms as exemplified in Figure 1 and how a teacher can best develop a students skills through talk. As the brief survey above shows, the basic human urge to communicate has been much studied, qualified and quantified. Many of the educational models of communication (eg Lasswells, 1948 adaptation of the 5 Ws and Johnsons processes of interpersonal communication, 1986, both cited in Marsh, 2004) place parameters on childrens talk by encouraging specific forms of talk. The National Curriculum emphasises exploratory and questioning (see Table 1) language. It provides frameworks within each learning area and stage where these forms of talk can be scaffolded into a students means of communication. Understanding how children interpret, manage and convey information in important in order to effectively encourage questioning and exploration. Table 1. Examples of talking and listening in the National Curriculum Examples from the National Curriculum frameworks of teaching talk Listening Mathematics Group discussion and interaction Religious education Group discussion and interaction Science Speaking Design and technology Listening PSHE Listening Information and communication technology Listening Art and design Group discussion and interaction Music From the perspective of childrens talk, language must move through a number of stages and in doing so reflects both physical and cognitive development. It could be argued that two functions of talk, at the early stages, are as a means of learning and as something to be learnt (although arguments to a universal basic grammar point to language as instinctual eg Chomsky, 2000: Jackendoff, 1993). Gradually the parameters for this talk develop into more efficient tools with which to gather, interpret and communicate knowledge. It is important to bear in mind that language is more than just a tool for representing knowledge(Karmiloff-Smth, 1979, p.14). The influences on the childs way of, and purpose in, talking, may start as parents and carers and their specific attitudes and values their cultural capitol as Bourdieu would put it (cited in Webb et al, 2002). They also include culture and environments and, as Jackendoff (1993) points out, society. Children arrive at school with this background of child-directed speech. The amount and type of expansion and recasting appears to be linked to social, cultural and economic environments and impacts upon how a child can interpret and respond to school. Whilst this essay cannot give syntactical, phonetic, semantic or grammatical elements in childrens language development the space they deserve, their importance is acknowledged. However, the importance of oral language is now enshrined in the National Curriculum and integrated across the Key stages. As Dockrell et al (2004) point out in their examination of methods of supporting language development in young children, the approach initiated in Teaching speaking and listening in Key Stages 1 and 2 (QCA, 1999) increasingly focuses on teacher modelling. Research shows (e.g. Hart and Risley, 1995; Peterson and Siegal, 1999) how socio-economic factors and environments can influence a childs basic linguistic knowledge (eg the literacy hour (National Literacy Strategy, 1999) has intended to make up for short fall in a students pre-existing language. As the previous section briefly covers, the mode of childrens talk helps identify cognitive stage, personal knowledge, preconceptions, pro-social skills and terms of reference. It also mentions the reciprocal determinism, as Bandura (cited in Krause et al 2003)would put it, where environment is a product of both the individuals internal and external factors. However, this next section takes a level playing field approach to modes of talk. For example, leaving learning difficulties and ESL aside for the moment, a teacher would not expect a five year old to still be using the telegraphic speech (two word sentences) typical of a two year old. You may expect some over and under-extension, but essentially key stage 1 students should be demonstrating more metalinguistics awareness. Encouraging the development of metalinguistic awareness runs throughout the National Curriculum. For example the English section states: Pupils should be taught about how speech varies: in different circumstances [for example, to reflect on how their speech changes in more formal situations] to take account of different listeners [for example, adapting what they say when speaking to people they do not know]. Clearly, at the basis of this are two fundamental skills the ability to explore an issue and the ability to communicate within the parameters that have been established. Exploratory talk, as pointed out by Dawes and Wegerif (1998) is an essential skill that, for many primary school situations, needs to be taught. Their example is with regard to the use of computers by small groups. It stresses the need for children to learn to take turns talking, to listen to each other, respect each others opinions, question each other, discuss and finally agree on an outcome. Students need to know the necessary formats for this to work. For example, one student may have a very clear idea of the issue but may not be able to explain it well. Without the tools to communicate effectively, the students knowledge cannot contribute to the group. This brings us to the issue of the teacher as facilitator of constructive talk. language acquisition cannot take place in the absence of shared social and situational contexts (Chapman, 1978, cited in Bransford et al, 2000, p.94) With the goal of allowing students to develop their communication skills (and the associated processes such as literacy, pro-social skills etc), teachers need to provide a learning environment based on building confidence in enquiry. This guiding introduces a number of important issues. Firstly, the teachers must be aware of their own preconceptions, attitudes and values. For example, the curriculum demands that teachers maintain high expectations for their students. Without this, students can at best loose their enthusiasm for learning in specific areas, and at worst can sabotage their own learning. As much as a students language reflects their background values and conceptions, so can a teachers. An effective teacher needs use a number of strategies to enable students to contribute orally in a number of different formats. Modelling and motivation are just two of these strategies at work in each format. Both through drama and other exploration, children can develop a better understanding about effective communication, both verbal and non-verbal. Speaking, Listening, Learning: working with children in Key Stages 1 and 2 DfES 0626-2003 p.7 Good modelling is an essential part of a teachers repertoire. The words confidence and fluency run through the National Curriculum and one part of achieving this is to provide the students with both the vocabulary a situation demands and the means of using it. For example, Listening Mathematics involves practical activity, exploration and discussion (5.1.a Mathematics, National Curriculum). However, as Dockrell, Stuart and King (2004) consider, difficulties in defining a good oral go beyond modelling: it is not sufficient simply to provide good models; the language from the adult needs to be carefully tuned to the childs language. It needs to be offered in such a way as to extend and support, and children need plenty of opportunity to practise their fledgling skills. Dockrell et al, Supporting early oral language skills, 2004 A positive learning environment needs several elements. One, as Figure 1 shows, is motivation. This is a key element in producing types and forms of childrens talk. Young children will often talk out loud as they explore a problem, new situation, and put the issue into self-questioning and self-resolution. At this early stage, exploratory talk is often self-generated. At primary level, the teacher takes responsibility for ensuring that valid learning is taking place. Whilst exploratory talk is to be encouraged, it is more guided and learning more scaffolded, be that in a constructivist paradigm or a more structured setting. If the teacher can catch the students interest, then motivation occurs naturally. The curriculum gives four groups of speaking, listening, group discussion and interaction (Speaking, listening, learning: Working with children in KS1 and KS2 extends and supersedes the Teaching speaking and listening in Key Stages 1 and 2 (QCA, 1999)). Specifically, the teacher needs to provide individuals with talking formats and opportunity to practice them. The following is one from the English Framework: What is being talked about? Who is talking? What kind of talk? Speaking, Listening, Learning: working with children in Key Stages 1 and 2 DfES 0626-2003 (2003) Added to this could be what does this mean and how should I respond? Sadly, there is no space here to go into the excellent lesson plans and strategies (see for example Grugeon et al, 2005) for enhancing enquiry learning through exploratory talk or activities such as Talk Box activities (Dawes et al, 2004). In summary, the effective teacher needs to: develop a safe and motivational learning environment be clear and explicit (Johnston, 2004) provide and scaffold the basic tools for communication to listen and judge how successful their strategies are and reflect on how to improve them to tailor communication to individual learning styles to provide ample opportunity for students to practise these skills to use small group work develop a students metalinguistics awareness encourage a students self-regulatory processes enthuse and encourage students maintain high expectations These are just a few of the important elements in producing well-rounded, confident students. It should also be taken into account that school is a format in itself, for example playground talk is a valid component of student learning. Therefore, it is as important to listen to the vernacular as to teach confidence in the more formal contexts. Finally, this essay hopes to have conveyed an understanding of the importance of oral language. It also recognises the effect that talk has on other areas of a students learning. Good oral work enhances pupils understanding of language in both oral and written forms and of the way language can be used to communicate. It is also an important part of the process through which pupils read and compose texts. The NLS Framework for teaching YR to Y6 References and further reading Bransford, J.D., Brown, A.L., and Cocking, R.R. (eds) (2000 expanded ed) How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience and School. Commission on Behavioural and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council, Washington, DC: National Academy Press Chapman, R.S. (1978) Comprehension strategies in children. Pp.308-329 in Speech and Language in the Laboratory, School and Clinic. J. Kavanaugh and W. Strange, (eds) Cambridge, MA: MIT Press Chomsky, N. (2000) New Horizons in the Study of Language and Mind. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press Dawes, L. and Sams, C. (2004) Talk Box: speaking and listening activities at Key Stage 1. London: David Fulton Publishers Dawes, L., Wegerif, R. and Mercer, N. (2004) Thinking together: Activites for Key Stage 2 Children and Teachers. Birmingham: Imaginative Minds DfES. The NLS Framework for teaching YR to Y6 DfESFramework for teaching (DfES 0500/2001) National Literacy Strategy: DfES Speaking, Listening, Learning: working with children in Key Stages 1 and 2 (DfES 0626-2003) DfES Grammar for writing (DfEE 0107/2000) National Literacy Strategy DfES Developing early writing (DfEE 0055/2001) National Literacy Strategy DfESMathematicalvocabulary book(DfES 0313/2000) National Numeracy Strategy DfES NLS Framework for teaching(DfES 0500-2001). National Literacy Strategy Dockrell, J., Stuart, M., and King, D. (2004) Supporting early oral language skills in Literacy Today, September 2004 Vol. 40 Erikson, E.H. (1997) The Life Cycle Completed: Extended version New York: W.W. Norton and Co. Gee, J.P. (2004) Situated Language and Learning: a critique of traditional schooling. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge Grugeon, E., Hubbard, L., Smith. C. and Dawes, L. (2005) Teaching Speaking and Listening in the Primary School. London: Fulton Press Hart., B and Risley, T.R. (1995) Meaningful differences in the everyday experience of young American children. Baltimore, MD: Paul H Brookes cited in K. Krause, S. Bochner and S. Duchesne, (2003) Educational Psychology for learning and teaching. p.21. Southbank, Victoria: Thomson Jackendoff, R. (1993) Patterns in the Mind: language and human nature. Hemel Hempstead, Herts: Harvester Wheatsheaf Johnston, P.H. (2004) Choice Words: how our language affects childrens learning. : Portland, Maine :Stenhouse Publishers Krause, K.L., Bochner, S., and Duchesne, S. (2003) Educational Psychology for learning and teaching. Southbank, Victoria:Thomson Karmilloff-Smith, A. (1979) A Functional Approach to Child Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Marsh, C. (2004) Becoming and Teacher: Knowledge, skills and issues. (3rd ed). Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson Education Australia Peterson, C.C., and Siegal, M. 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(2001) Brain Matters: translating research into classroom practice. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development Websites Play and effect. http://www.genkienglish.net/playandaffect.htm. Accessed 5 Jan 2006 National Curriculum. http://curriculum.becta.org.uk/docserver.php?docid=728. Accessed 3 Jan 2006 Oral language skills.http://www.literacytrust.org.uk/Pubs/dockrell.html Accessed Jan 4 National Curriculum frameworks. http://www.standards.dfes.gov.uk/literacy/publications/framework/